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Events

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Islamopedia: Mapping Islamic Thinking Online
November 30, 2009

Jocelyne Cesari of Harvard University will present Islamopedia, a collection of rulings and religious...


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Student Lunch with Jean Bethke Elshtain
December 1, 2009

A jointly sponsored Berkley Center and Tocqueville Forum luncheon discussion with Professor Jean Beth...


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The Role of Religion in the Public Square of a Pluralist Democracy
December 14, 2009

Clergy Beyond Borders will be holding a conference at American University on the topic of "Human Righ...



Publications

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Berkley Center Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009

This report outlines the Berkley Center's major activities during the 2008–09 academic year, includ


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Luce/SFS Program Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009

This report provides an overview of the Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs progr


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The Future of U.S. International Religious Freedom Policy: Recommendations for the Obama Administration
March 10, 2009

Building off three symposia on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the International Religious F


Judaism

Judaism is the world’s oldest monotheistic faith. The first five books of the Hebrew Sciptures (Torah) – Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Leviticus, and Numbers – relate foundational narratives including God’s covenant with Abraham and his descendants, the exodus from Egypt and revelation of God’s law under Moses, the construction of the first Temple in Jerusalem under King Solomon, and the reign of King David. The memory political unity and the Torah and its laws sustained Jewish communities in diaspora after the Roman destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Rabbis debated and applied the law and its core values of peace and justice to evolving cultural, social, and political contexts; the most influentail rabbinic commentaries were set down in the Talmud (ca. 200-500 CE). As a small minority in Christian Europe and the Islamic world Jews made impressive contributions to medieval and early modern philosophy, science and the arts, even while suffering discrimination and periods of outright persecution, particularly at the hands of Christian authorities. The decades after the French Revolution of 1789 saw the slow and uneven emancipation of Jews in Western Europe (a status already enjoyed in the United States), but also the first signs of a virulent racist anti-semitism that culminated in the Holocaust (1941-45), which took six million Jewish lives. Israel, founded in 1948 as a parliamentary democracy and the first Jewish state in almost two millennia, has since found itself in political, territorial and military conflict with most its Arab and Muslim neighbors.
  • 2 Kings 5:9-14
    So Naaman [the leper from Aram] came with his horses and chariots, and halted at the entrance of Elisha's house. Elisha sent a messenger to him, saying, "Go, wash in the Jordan seven times, and your flesh shall be restore... >> more

    Amos 2:1-3
    Thus says the Lord: For three transgressions of Moab, and for four, I will not revoke the punishment; because he burned to lime the bones of the king of Edom. So I will send a fire on Moab, and it shall devour the strongh... >> more

    Amos 9:7
    Are you not like the Ethiopians to me, O people of Israel? says the Lord. Did I not bring Israel up from the land of Egypt, and the Philistines from Caphtor and the Arameans from Kir?

    Bablyonian Talmud, Tractate Sotah on Illness
    The Holy One, blessed be He, visited the sick, for it is written: And the Lord appeared unto him by the oaks of Mamre, so do thou also visit the sick. The Holy One, blessed be He, comforted mourners, for it is written: An... >> more

    Bablyonian Talmud, Tractate Ta'anit on the Afterlife
    Rabbi Baruqa of Huza often went to the marketplace at Lapet. One day, the prophet Elijah appeared to him there, and Rabbi Baruqa asked him, “Is there anyone among all these people who will have a share in the World ... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Batra on Almsgiving and Benevolence
    (Prov. xiv. 34), "Almsgiving exalteth a nation, but benevolence is a sin to nations." "Almsgiving exalteth a nation," that is to say, the nation of Israel; as it is written (2 Sam. vii. 23), "And ... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Batra on Charity
    It is related of Benjamin the righteous, who was keeper of the poor-box, that a woman came to him at a period of famine and solicited food. "By the worship of God," he replied, "there is nothing in the box.... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Batra on God's Support for the Poor
    This question was actually put by Turnus Rufus to R. Akiba: “If your God loves the poor, why does He not support them?” He replied, “So that we may be saved through them from the punishment of Gehinnom.” “On the contrary,... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Bava Kamma on Gentiles
    If the ox of an Israelite bruise the ox of a Gentile, the Israelite is exempt from paying damages; but should the ox of a Gentile bruise the ox of an Israelite, the Gentile is bound to recompense him in full.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berakhot on Prayer
    One who is about to undergo bloodletting says: “May it be Your will, Hashem my God, that this procedure will bring benefit to me and will heal me, for You are a trustworthy healer, and Your healing is genuine. It is... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Gerim on Israel
    The world was created only for Israel: none are called the children of God but Israel; none are beloved before God but Israel.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Makkot on Corporal Punishment
    The officer who inflicts flagellation on a criminal must smite with one hand only, but yet with all his force.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesahim on Judgment Day
    Rav Said: At judgement day everyone will have to give an accounting for every good thing that he (or she) might have enjoyed and did not enjoy.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesahim on Testimony
    The Holy One, blessed be He, loves three kinds of men, viz.: Those that never become angry, those that never become intoxicated, and those who do not insist upon asserting themselves. The following three the Lord hates: T... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pesahim on Violence
    Rabbi Eliezar said, "It is lawful to split open the nostrils of an unlearned man, even on the Day of Atonement which happens to fall on a Sabbath." To which his disciples responded, "Rabbi, say rather to sl... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Injustice
    Rabbi Yannai would say: We have no comprehension of the tranquility of the wicked, nor of the suffering of the righteous.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Peace
    Rabbi Shimon the son of Gamliel would say: “By three things is the world sustained: law, truth and peace. As is stated (Zachariah 8:16), ‘Truth, and a judgement of peace, you should administer at your [city] gates.’”

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Possessions
    One who increases possessions, increases worry.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Preferring the Torah to Wealth
    Said Rabbi Yossei the son of Kisma: Once, I was traveling and I encountered a man. He greeted me and I returned his greetings. Said he to me: "Rabbi, where are you from?" Said I to him: "From a great city o... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Richness
    Who is rich? One who is satisfied with his lot.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on Self and Selflessness
    He would also say: If I am not for myself, who is for me? And if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pirkei Avot on the Role of Wealth
    If there is no flour, there is no Torah; if there is no Torah, there is no flour.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Blood and Life
    The Boraitha states: R. Hananiah b. Gamaliel, etc. The rabbis taught: It reads [Gen. ix. 4]: "But flesh in which its life is, which is its blood, shall ye not eat." This means any member of the animal, while it ... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Disease
    Seven years of pestilence will not cause a man to die before his time.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Gentiles
    Rabbi Eliezer said that none of the gentiles has a portion in the world to come, as it says, “The wicked will return to Sheol, all the nations who have forgotten G-d” (Psalms 9:18). Rabbi Joshua said that if S... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Self-Defense
    It has been taught by R. Jonathan ben Saul: “If one was pursuing his fellow to slay him, and the pursued could have saved himself by maiming a limb of the pursuer, but instead killed his pursuer, the pursued is subject to execution on that account.”

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on the Death Penalty
    Said R. Joseph: It was said in the college: For transgression of the following three commandments a descendant of Noah is put to death: viz., adultery, bloodshed, and blasphemy. R. Shesheth opposed: It is correct concerni... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Violence
    Even as one who came before Raba and said to him, “The governor of my town has ordered me, ‘Go and kill so and so; if not, I will slay thee.’” He answered him, “Let him rather slay you than t... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Violence
    Resh Lakish said: He who raises his hand to strike his neighbor, although he has not as yet struck him, is called wicked. As it is written [Ex. ii. 13]: "And he said to the wicked one, wherefore smitest thou thy fell... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Sanhedrin on Violence
    Whosoever destroyeth one soul of Israel, Scripture counts it to him as though he had destroyed the whole world; and whoso preserveth one soul of Israel, Scripture counts it as though he had preserved the whole world.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on Cleanliness
    It were better to cut the hands off than to touch the eye, or the nose, or the mouth, or the ear, etc., with them without having first washed them. Unwashed hands may cause blindness, deafness, foulness of breath, or a po... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on Grief
    There are six sorts of tears, three good and three bad: Those caused by smoke, or grief, or constipation are bad; and those caused by fragrant spices, laughter, and aromatic herbs are good.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on Illness
    According to whom is what R. Hanina said: "He who has a sick person in the house should include him (in his prayers) amongst the sick in Israel"? It was in accordance with R. Jose. R. Hanina also said that it wa... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on Israel
    All Israelites are princes.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on Israel
    All Israelites are holy.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on the Golden Rule
    That which is hateful to thyself, do not do to thy neighbor. This is the whole law, and the rest is its commentary.

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on the Golden Rule
    Another Gentile came to Shamai saying: "Convert me on the condition that thou teach me the whole Torah while I stand on one foot." Shamai pushed him away with the builders' measure he held in his hand. He thereu... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on the Sabbath
    R. Simeon b. Elazar used also to say in the name of R. Simeon b. Gamaliel: "One is not allowed to negotiate marriage engagements for children, nor to engage teachers or artisan masters for children, nor to pay visits... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Shabbat on the Sick
    The rabbis taught: If one comes to visit the sick on the Sabbath, he shall say: "It is Sabbath and we are not to cry, but relief is drawing nigh." R. Mair said, one should say: "The Sabbath (if respected) m... >> more

    Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Yoma on Forgiveness
    A man may obtain forgiveness after the third transgression, but if he repeat the offense a fourth time, he is not pardoned again; for it is said (Amos ii.. 4), "For three transgressions of Judah, and for four, I will... >> more

    Deuteronomy 10:17-19
    For the Lord your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty and awesome, who is not partial and takes no bribe, who executes justice for the orphan and the widow, and who loves the strangers, providing t... >> more

    Deuteronomy 15:11
    Since there will never cease to be some in need on the earth, I therefore command you, Open your hand to the poor and needy neighbor in your land.

    Deuteronomy 16:18-20
    You shall appoint judges and officials throughout your tribes, in all your towns that the Lord your God is giving you, and they shall render just decisions for the people. You must not distort justice; you must not show p... >> more

    Deuteronomy 20:11-14
    If it accepts your terms of peace and surrenders to you, then all the people in it shall serve you at forced labor. If it does not submit to you peacefully, but makes war against you, then you shall besiege it; and when t... >> more

    Deuteronomy 23:15-16
    Slaves who have escaped to you from their owners shall not be given back to them. They shall reside with you, in your midst, in any place they choose in any one of your towns, wherever they please; you shall not oppress them.

    Deuteronomy 7:15
    The Lord will turn away from you every illness; all the dread diseases of Egypt that you experienced, he will not inflict on you, but he will lay them on all who hate you.

    Ecclesiastes 3:12-13
    I know that there is nothing better for them than to be happy and enjoy themselves as long as they live; moreover, it is God's gift that all should eat and drink and take pleasure in all their toil.

    Exodus 20:13
    You shall not murder.

    Ezekiel 23:22-25
    Therefore, O Oholibah, thus says the Lord God: I will rouse against you your lovers from whom you turned in disgust, and I will bring them against you from every side: the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod and Shoa... >> more

    Ezekiel 47:21-23
    So you shall divide this land among you according to the tribes of Israel. You shall allot it as an inheritance for yourselves and for the aliens who reside among you and have begotten children among you. They shall be to... >> more

    Ezra 9:1-3
    After these things had been done, the officials approached me and said, "The people of Israel, the priests, and the Levites have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands with their abominations, from the Can... >> more

    Genesis 18:1-5
    August 14, 2007
    And the LORD appeared unto him by the terebinths of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran t... >> more

    Genesis 18:10-14
    Then one said, "I will surely return to you in due season, and your wife Sarah shall have a son." And Sarah was listening at the tent entrance behind him. Now Abraham and Sarah were old, advanced in age; it had ceased to ... >> more

    Genesis 18:23-25
    Then Abraham came near and said, "Will you indeed sweep away the righteous with the wicked? Suppose there are fifty righteous within the city; will you then sweep away the place and not forgive it for the fifty righteous ... >> more

    Genesis 19:1-8
    August 14, 2007
    The two angels came to Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gateway of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them, and bowed down with his face to the ground. He said, "Please, my lords, turn aside to your... >> more

    Genesis 29:31
    When the Lord saw that Leah was unloved, he opened her womb; but Rachel was barren.

    Genesis 9:5-6
    For your own lifeblood I will surely require a reckoning: from every animal I will require it and from human beings, each one for the blood of another, I will require a reckoning for human life. Whoever sheds the blood of... >> more

    Isaiah 11:11-14
    On that day the Lord will extend his hand yet a second time to recover the remnant that is left of his people, from Assyria, from Egypt, from Pathros, from Ethiopia, from Elam, from Shinar, from Hamath, and from the coast... >> more

    Isaiah 11:4
    But with righteousness he shall judge the poor, and decide with equity for the meek of the earth; he shall strike the earth with the rod of his mouth, and with the breath of his lips he shall kill the wicked.

    Isaiah 16:3-4
    August 14, 2007
    Give counsel, execute justice; make thy shadow as the night in the midst of the noonday; hide the outcasts; betray not the fugitive. Let mine outcasts dwell with thee; as for Moab, be thou a covert to him from the face of... >> more

    Isaiah 25:4
    For Thou hast been a stronghold to the poor, a stronghold to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat; for the blast of the terrible ones was as a storm against the wall.


    Isaiah 2:4
    He shall judge between the nations, and shall arbitrate for many peoples; they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.

    Isaiah 38:1-5
    In those days Hezekiah became sick and was at the point of death. The prophet Isaiah son of Amoz came to him, and said to him, "Thus says the Lord: Set your house in order, for you shall die; you shall not recover." Then ... >> more

    Isaiah 51:7
    Listen to me, you who know righteousness, you people who have my teaching in your hearts; do not fear the reproach of others, and do not be dismayed when they revile you.

    Isaiah 58:7
    August 14, 2007
    Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him, and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?


    Jeremiah 22:15-16
    Woe to him who builds his house by unrighteousness, and his upper rooms by injustice; who makes his neighbors work for nothing, and does not give them their wages; who says, "I will build myself a spacious house with larg... >> more

    Jeremiah 5:26-29
    For scoundrels are found among my people; they take over the goods of others. Like fowlers they set a trap; they catch human beings. Like a cage full of birds, their houses are full of treachery; therefore they have becom... >> more

    Job 2:7-10
    So Satan went out from the presence of the Lord, and inflicted loathsome sores on Job from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head. Job took a potsherd with which to scrape himself, and sat among the ashes. Then his... >> more

    Job 42:11-12
    Then there came to him all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and they ate bread with him in his house; they showed him sympathy and comforted him for all the evil that the Lord had brought upon hi... >> more

    Job 42:12-13
    The Lord blessed the latter days of Job more than his beginning; and he had fourteen thousand sheep, six thousand camels, a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand donkeys. He also had seven sons and three daughters.

    Joshua 11:10-12
    Joshua turned back at that time, and took Hazor, and struck its king down with the sword. Before that time Hazor was the head of all those kingdoms. And they put to the sword all who were in it, utterly destroying them; t... >> more

    Joshua 8:1-2
    Then the Lord said to Joshua, "Do not fear or be dismayed; take all the fighting men with you, and go up now to Ai. See, I have handed over to you the king of Ai with his people, his city, and his land. You shall do to Ai... >> more

    Judges 19:19-21
    August 14, 2007
    And he said unto him: "We are passing from Beth-lehem in Judah unto the farther side of the hill-country of Ephraim; from thence am I, and I went to Beth-lehem in Judah, and I am now going to the house of the LORD; and th... >> more

    Judges 5:31
    So perish all your enemies, O Lord! But may your friends be like the sun as it rises in its might. And the land had rest forty years.

    Leviticus 13:45-46
    The person who has the leprous disease shall wear torn clothes and let the hair of his head be disheveled; and he shall cover his upper lip and cry out, "Unclean, unclean." He shall remain unclean as long as he has the di... >> more

    Leviticus 19:15
    You shall not render an unjust judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great: with justice you shall judge your neighbor.

    Leviticus 19:33-34
    When an alien resides with you in your land, you shall not oppress the alien. The alien who resides with you shall be to you as the citizen among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God.

    Leviticus 19:9-10
    When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap to the very edges of your field, or gather the gleanings of your harvest. You shall not strip your vineyard bare, or gather the fallen grapes of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and the alien: I am the Lord your God.

    Leviticus 24:17-22
    Anyone who kills a human being shall be put to death. Anyone who kills an animal shall make restitution for it, life for life. Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: fracture for fracture, eye fo... >> more

    Leviticus 25:35-36
    If any of your kin fall into difficulty and become dependent on you, you shall support them; they shall live with you as though resident aliens. Do not take interest in advance or otherwise make a profit from them, but fear your God; let them live with you.

    Micah 4:1-4
    In days to come the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established as the highest of the mountains, and shall be raised up above the hills. Peoples shall stream to it, and many nations shall come and say: "Come, let us... >> more

    Micah 4:5-8
    For all the peoples walk, each in the name of its god, but we will walk in the name of the Lord our God forever and ever. In that day, says the Lord, I will assemble the lame and gather those who have been driven away, an... >> more

    Nehemiah 13:23-28
    In those days also I saw Jews who had married women of Ashdod, Ammon, and Moab; and half of their children spoke the language of Ashdod, and they could not speak the language of Judah, but spoke the language of various pe... >> more

    Numbers 12:10-15
    When the cloud went away from over the tent, Miriam had become leprous, as white as snow. And Aaron turned towards Miriam and saw that she was leprous. Then Aaron said to Moses, "Oh, my lord, do not punish us for a sin th... >> more

    Numbers 21:2-3
    Then Israel made a vow to the Lord and said, "If you will indeed give this people into our hands, then we will utterly destroy their towns." The Lord listened to the voice of Israel, and handed over the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their towns; so the place was called Hormah.

    Proverbs 10:14-15
    The wise lay up knowledge, but the babbling of a fool brings ruin near. The wealth of the rich is their fortress; the poverty of the poor is their ruin.

    Proverbs 13:18
    Poverty and disgrace are for the one who ignores instruction, but one who heeds reproof is honored.

    Proverbs 14:31
    Those who oppress the poor insult their Maker, but those who are kind to the needy honor him.

    Proverbs 20:13
    Do not love sleep, or else you will come to poverty; open your eyes, and you will have plenty of bread.

    Proverbs 23:21
    [F]or the drunkard and the glutton will come to poverty, and drowsiness will clothe them with rags.

    Proverbs 2:5-9
    Then you will understand the fear of the Lord and find the knowledge of God. For the Lord gives wisdom; from his mouth come knowledge and understanding; he stores up sound wisdom for the upright; he is a shield to those w... >> more

    Proverbs 30:8
    Remove far from me falsehood and lying; give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with the food that I need.

    Psalms 120:6-7
    Too long have I had my dwelling among those who hate peace. I am for peace; but when I speak, they are for war.

    Psalms 38:1-3
    O Lord, do not rebuke me in your anger, or discipline me in your wrath. For your arrows have sunk into me, and your hand has come down on me. There is no soundness in my flesh because of your indignation; there is no health in my bones because of my sin.

    Psalms 41:2-4
    The Lord protects them and keeps them alive; they are called happy in the land. You do not give them up to the will of their enemies. The Lord sustains them on their sickbed; in their illness you heal all their infirmitie... >> more

    Psalms 61:4
    For Thou hast been a refuge for me, a tower of strength in the face of the enemy.


    Psalms 6:2-10
    Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I am languishing; O Lord, heal me, for my bones are shaking with terror. My soul also is struck with terror, while you, O Lord, how long? Turn, O Lord, save my life; deliver me for the sake ... >> more

    Psalms 72:12
    For he delivers the needy when they call, the poor and those who have no helper.

    Psalms 85:11-13
    Faithfulness will spring up from the ground, and righteousness will look down from the sky. The Lord will give what is good, and our land will yield its increase. Righteousness will go before him, and will make a path for his steps.

    Psalms 9:18
    For the needy shall not always be forgotten, nor the hope of the poor perish forever.

    Psalms 9:8-11
    He judges the world with righteousness; he judges the peoples with equity. The Lord is a stronghold for the oppressed, a stronghold in times of trouble. And those who know your name put their trust in you, for you, O Lord... >> more

    Ruth 1:14-17
    Then they wept aloud again. Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth clung to her. So she said, "See, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people and to her gods; return after your sister-in-law." But Ruth said, "Do no... >> more

    Zechariah 7:10
    Do not oppress the widow, the orphan, the alien, or the poor; and do not devise evil in your hearts against one another.