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Events
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Islamopedia: Mapping Islamic Thinking Online
November 30, 2009
Jocelyne Cesari of Harvard University will present Islamopedia, a collection of rulings and religious... |
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The Role of Religion in the Public Square of a Pluralist Democracy
December 14, 2009
Clergy Beyond Borders will be holding a conference at American University on the topic of "Human Righ... |
Publications
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Berkley Center Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009
This report outlines the Berkley Center's major activities during the 2008–09 academic year, includ |
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Luce/SFS Program Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009
This report provides an overview of the Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs progr |
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The Future of U.S. International Religious Freedom Policy: Recommendations for the Obama Administration
March 10, 2009
Building off three symposia on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the International Religious F |
SUDAN
ON THIS PAGE
Nubia to the Ottoman EmpireTurkiyyah, Mahdiyyah, and Anglo-Egyptian Rule
Independence, Civil War, and Darfur
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
NigeriaSomalia
South Africa
Sudan
Uganda
Sudan DRAFT
Religious Adherence in Sudan, % of Population
Cross-National Data: Religion Indexes, Religious Adherents, and Other Data. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005.
Nubia to the Ottoman Empire
The earliest known religion in Sudan was characterized by worship of gods associated with pharaonic Egypt. Nubian rulers in northern Sudan began converting to Christianity in the 6th century. These rulers acknowledged the Coptic patriarch in Cairo as their spiritual leader, and the Church determined the succession of Nubian monarchs. Christian Nubian kingdoms witnessed their cultural zenith in the 9th and 10th centuries, while restraining the threat of the Muslim Arabs who had invaded Egypt to the north. Over the course of a thousand years, Sudan became Arabized and its population converted to Islam. By the beginning of the 16th century, the far north of Sudan had been brought into the Ottoman sphere. In the Nile River Valley, the Funj Kingdom of Sennar rose as the regional power in 1504. Islam soon replaced a form of animistic Christianity as the official religion, though many traditional practices continued. Merchant-funded ulema forced an end to these unorthodox practices beginning in the late 16th century, challenging royal authority. Concurrently with Sennar, the Darfur Sultanate came to power in the Darfur region of western Sudan, and the Taqali state was established in the Nuba Hills region, also practicing Islam. In 1821, Ottoman Egyptians invaded northern Sudan, and Sennar was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, initiating the period known as Turkiyyah. Very little is known of southern Sudan in this period, where geographic barriers prevented Islam from spreading as it had in the North.
Turkiyyah, Mahdiyyah, and Anglo-Egyptian Rule
In the 1850s, the Ottomans revised the legal code of Sudan to be more secular. Sharia was reserve... >>more
Independence, Civil War, and Darfur
Sudan’s path toward independence began with nationalist movements in the early 20th century. Isla... >>more
Article 1: Nature of the State
(1) The Republic of the Sudan is an independent, sovereign State. It is a democratic, decentraliz... >>more
Article 4: Fundamental Bases of the Constitution
This Constitution is predicated upon and guided by the following principles:
(a) the ... >>more
Article 5: Sources of Legislation
(1) Nationally enacted legislation having effect only in respect of the Northern states of the Su... >>more
Article 6: Religious Rights
The State shall respect the religious rights to:
(a) worship or assemble in connecti... >>more
Article 16: Morals and Public Integrity
(1) The State shall enact laws to protect the society from corruption delinquency and social evil... >>more
Article 20: Fiscal Levies
(1) No taxes, fees, tariffs or other fiscal dues, shall be levied save by law.
(2) Zakat ... >>more
Article 23: Duties of the Citizen
(1) It shall be the duty of every Sudanese citizen to pledge allegiance to the Republic of the Su... >>more
Article 38: Freedom of Creed and Worship
Every person shall have the right to the freedom of religious creed and worship, and to declare h... >>more
Article 40: Freedom of Assembly and Association
... (3) No association shall function as a political party at national, Southern Sudan or state l... >>more
Article 44: Right to Education
(1) Education is a right for every citizen and the State shall provide access to education withou... >>more
Article 47: Ethnic and Cultural Communities
Ethnic and cultural communities shall have the right to freely enjoy and develop their particular... >>more
Article 136: Guidelines for Inclusiveness in the National Civil Service
The National Civil Service, notably at the senior and middle levels, shall be representative of t... >>more
Article 154: Respect for Human Rights in the National Capital
Human rights and fundamental freedoms as specified in this Constitution, including respect for al... >>more
Article 156: Dispensing Justice in the National Capital
Without prejudice to the competence of any national institution to promulgate laws, judges and la... >>more
Article 185: Guiding Principles for Equitable Sharing of Resources
(1) Resources and common wealth of the Sudan shall be shared equitably to enable each level of go... >>more