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Events
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Islamopedia: Mapping Islamic Thinking Online
November 30, 2009
Jocelyne Cesari of Harvard University will present Islamopedia, a collection of rulings and religious... |
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Student Lunch with Jean Bethke Elshtain
December 1, 2009
A jointly sponsored Berkley Center and Tocqueville Forum luncheon discussion with Professor Jean Beth... |
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The Role of Religion in the Public Square of a Pluralist Democracy
December 14, 2009
Clergy Beyond Borders will be holding a conference at American University on the topic of "Human Righ... |
Publications
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Berkley Center Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009
This report outlines the Berkley Center's major activities during the 2008–09 academic year, includ |
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Luce/SFS Program Annual Report 2008-2009
October 15, 2009
This report provides an overview of the Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs progr |
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The Future of U.S. International Religious Freedom Policy: Recommendations for the Obama Administration
March 10, 2009
Building off three symposia on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the International Religious F |
PAKISTAN
ON THIS PAGE
Early HistoryMuslim Nationalism and the Early Post-Independence Period
Recent Developments
Religion in the Pakistan Constitution
SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
AfghanistanIndia
Pakistan
Pakistan DRAFT
Religious Adherence in Pakistan, % of Population
Cross-National Data: Religion Indexes, Religious Adherents, and Other Data. Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005.
Early History
The Indus River valley and its surrounding territory, the land of modern-day Pakistan, has played host to an enormous diversity of states and religions since the 4th millennium BCE. The Indus River Civilization was the first to flourish there, only to be destroyed during a period of Indo-European migrations that eventually gave rise to the Vedas, among the most important texts in Hinduism. The Zoroastrian Achaemenid Persian Empire extended its control to the valley in the sixth century BCE, as did Alexander the Great some two hundred years later. The territory then fell to the Maurya Empire, whose rulers espoused orthodox Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism at various times. The Kushans, who combined Hellenic and Buddhist traditions, held sway over the region during the opening centuries of the first millennium CE. Islam arrived in the region in the 8th century, when Ummayad armies conquered Punjab and Sindh. After that, a succession of Muslim rulers, many of Iranian and Turkic origin, controlled the region. In the early 16th century, a new Muslim dynasty, the Mughals, created an empire that controlled most of the subcontinent. In the early 1700s, Persians and Afghans challenged Mughal power in the Indus valley, a conflict that was exploited by the gradually expanding British Empire. The British had acquired most of present-day Pakistan by the mid-19th century. Conflicts with Afghan rulers in the east resulted in the demarcation of the Durand Line in 1893, which established the eastern boundary of British holdings but split the Pashtun communities that lived along the frontier.
Muslim Nationalism and the Early Post-Independence Period
Modern Muslim nationalism began to emerge in British South Asia during the late 19th century. Con... >>more
Recent Developments
The final decades of the 20th century witnessed an expansion of religious influence in Pakistani ... >>more
Religion in the Pakistan Constitution
The
Preamble
Whereas sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone, and the authority t... >>more
Article 1: The Republic and its Territories
(1) Pakistan shall be a Federal Republic to be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, herei... >>more
Article 2: Islam to be State Religion
Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan. >>more
Article 19: Freedom of Speech
Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedo... >>more
Article 20: Freedom to Profess Religion and to Manage Religious Institutions
Subject to law, public order and morality:
(a) every citizen shall have the right to profes... >>more
Article 21: Safeguard Against Taxation for Purposes of Any Particular Religion
No person shall be compelled to pay any special tax the proceeds of which are to be spent on the ... >>more
Article 22: Safeguards as to Educational Institutions in Respect of Religion
(1) No person attending any educational institution shall be required to receive religious instru... >>more
Article 26: Non-discrimination in Respect of Access to Public Places
(1) In respect of access to places of public entertainment or resort not intended for religious p... >>more
Article 27: Safeguard Against Discrimination in Services
(1) No citizen otherwise qualified for appointment in the service of Pakistan shall be discrimina... >>more
Article 31: Islamic Way of Life
(1) Steps shall be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan, individually and collectively, to ord... >>more
Article 37: Promotion of Social Justice and Eradication of Social Evils
The State shall: ...
(g) prevent prostitution, gambling and taking of injurious drugs, print... >>more
Article 38: Promotion of Social and Economic Well-being of the People
The State shall :
(a) secure the well-being of the people, irrespective of sex, caste, creed ... >>more
Article 40: Strengthening Bonds with Muslim World and Promoting International Peace
The State shall endeavour to preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries b... >>more
Article 41: The President
(1) There shall be a President of Pakistan who shall be the Head of State and shall represent the... >>more
Article 51: National Assembly
(1) There shall be three hundred and forty-two seats of the members in the National Assembly, inc... >>more